Last year, WebUrbanist‘s founder Kurt Kohlstedt suffered a debilitating injury that his right arm and dominant hand. New everyday challenges led him to research and test existing adaptive designs, and even to evolve new accessible design solutions. Over the course of a year, these experiences set the stage for Adapt or Design, a twelve-part project of 99% Invisible in three acts. The finalization of this endeavor is accompanied by an episode of the same name featuring Roman Mars.

First, the six-article mini-series Single Handed dives into assistive designs for people with one functional hand. Next, the three-article micro-series Broken Plexus explores design hacks and mods that can help with long-term recoveries. Finally, Left to Write is a three-piece set about adaptive writing technologies, including single-handed keyboards and typing systems.

The project name is a play on “adapt or die,” but it also references a recurring post-injury dilemma: whether to adapt, or to design a fix, absent an existing adaptive design solution.

The project logo design is a nod to the current condition of my (Kurt’s) arm, which awkwardly operates a bit like one of those mechanical grabbers in “claw game” arcade machines.

Act One: Single Handed

Adapting to life with one working hand, I used to joke that everything was three times harder and took three times longer in the wake of my injury; except, I wasn’t entirely kidding. But the more I identified and addressed everyday problems, the more I was able to reclaim my time, energy, and life … with the help of assistive design solutions.

Part 1 – Design Adaptations for Living with One Working Hand: After a week in the hospital, getting discharged felt great. But simply swapping a hospital gown for street clothes highlighted unexpected issues.

Part 2 – No-Tie Kits, Lace Locks, & Other Assistive Footwear: Shoelaces present a problem; the solution could be cheap, fast, good – pick two. Shoe-lutions include lace locks and assistive footwear.

Part 3 – Inclusive Left-Sided Apparel Embodies “Found” Design: Before shopping for inclusive apparel, it can pay to look closely at one’s wardrobe for clothes that may work with new tools or modifications.

Part 4 – Pack Hack Reconfigures Roomy Rucksack for Crossbody Carry: Sling and messenger bags lack everyday utility and comfort. Absent off-the-shelf options, a backpack can be hacked for crossbody-style carry.

Part 5 E-Ink Devices & Peripherals Render Reading More Accessible: Many recreational options may be out of reach, but e-readers remain accessible, and can be augmented with add-ons for one-handed use.

Part 6 – Hand Lenders Point Out Adaptive Designs & Unexpected Issues: Sometimes those around us are best situated to spot problems right in front of us. They can be great sources of novel adaptive design ideas.

Act Two: Broken Plexus

As my recovery dragged on, a series of dynamic long-term challenges emerged, involving change over time. Rehabilitation workout sheets stacked up, leading me to create a workbook; issues with orthoses wore on me, provoking interventions; and seasonal changes coupled with mending nerves shaped my shifting wardrobe.

Part 1 – Designing a Recovery Workbook to Work Out Problems: Wrangling exercise sheets can feel like a workout, but organizing in pain can yield tangible gains, even beyond a well-designed workbook.

Part 2 – Adapting Off-the-Shelf Orthoses for Long-Haul Use: Even the best off-the-shelf orthoses can wear on one over time, with emergent pain points that demand imaginative custom interventions.

Part 3 – Threading Sensational Paradoxes of Peripheral Nerve Damage: Nerve damage can feel chaotic at times, dampening some sensations, magnifying others, yet calling for a balanced approach to apparel.

Act Three: Left to Write 

As a writer, my most persistent post-injury dread concerned my ability to pursue this profession (and passion). So I started researching and testing adaptive keyboards for one-handed users, then wound up developing a single-handed typing system for two-handed keyboards — one that I could share with others, and have below!

Part 1 – Adaptive Keyboards & Writing Technologies for Single-Handed Use: Despite the wide range of available designs, one-handed keyboards have various drawbacks that can be dealbreakers for some users.

Part 2 – Designing a Single-Handed Keymap for Half of a Standard Keyboard: Ultimately, I created a new custom typing solution, programmed to enable one-handed touch-typing on a standard two-handed keyboard.

Part 3 – Setting Up a Free One-Handed Touch-Typing System in Minutes: The “KURTY” keymap adds single-handed functionality to QWERTY keyboards in minutes — and it’s free for you to download and use.

Encore! Roman & Kurt Discuss Adapt or Design

For the concluding episode, we were originally planning to talk primarily about adaptive technologies, but the conversation between me and Roman expanded to encompass a broader range of accessible designs.

Postscript: Adapting, Designing, … and Writing

I set out to write a single article about accessible design, to be paired with an episode about one-handed keyboards. As I developed my own adaptive writing solution, however, putting my experiences down on (proverbial) paper became easier … and the scope started to expand. I continue to recover slowly and incrementally from my injury, but am still limited to typing with my non-dominant left hand (and may be forever). So I continue to find my custom keyboard setup useful and hope others who download it will as well.

Meanwhile, I sincerely and deeply appreciate the support I’ve gotten not only from my colleagues, friends, family, and partner, but also from the many WU and 99pi fans who have engaged with and responded to this series. Thank you all!

-= Kurt Kohlstedt

The NYC Parks Department offers an amazing resource in the form of an online map that “includes every street tree in New York City” (spanning 422 species) first mapped by volunteers in 2015 and now updated daily by their forestry team. “On the map, trees are represented by circles. The size of the circle represents the diameter of the tree, and the color of the circle reflects its species. You are welcome to browse our entire inventory of trees, or to select an individual tree for more information.”

Clicking the trees reveals not just species and size but also ecological benefits provided, quantified in dollar terms, from things like capturing storm runoff and reducing air pollution. “We know that trees improve the environment and the health of a city in measurable ways. Trees can capture storm water runoff, reduce energy costs, and make the air less polluted and easier to breathe. We can calculate the benefits that each tree provides to the people of New York City based on a formula developed by the Center for Urban Forest Research. The benefits each tree provides varies based upon its species, size, and location.”

Fans can even track their favorite trees over time and add notes about tree-related activities. So far, nearly five thousand trees have been “favorited” and 20,000 activities reported. For those interested in doing even more, the Parks Department also encourages people to become involved: “It’s easy to become a tree steward! We host volunteers all year long. We can train you in basic activities such as watering trees, adding mulch and soil, and removing weeds and litter; as well as advanced activities such as installing a tree guard, expanding tree beds, and installing or removing stone or brick pavers.”

One caveat: the map only shows trees that grow on land under the jurisdiction of NYC Parks, but this includes trees planted along sidewalks or other public rights-of-way (still, it doesn’t have all trees maintained by the state or federal government or, of course, on private property). Still, with over 600,000 trees to explore, urban plant fans should have plenty to do just tracking and examining the ones that are covered!

For those who enjoy fixing and flipping homes, this video game could be a dream come true, virtually speaking, letting you purchase rundown shacks and turn them into market-ready models.

Players in House Flipper can buy dwellings that look ready for the scrap heap, then “hammer, drill, nail down, screw, and do what needs to be done to mount, fix or clean up stuff,” all without lifting more than a few fingers.

Those interested in working out some frustration will be happy to know that demolishing walls and fixtures is part of the gameplay, too.

It hews close to reality in that the game goal is the same as real life: profit. Instead of a final boss, there is the final sale, though that’s optional for people who want more flexibility and less economics. And, of course, the fun doesn’t stop there: flip one house and you can start on the next.

If this seems like a strange game concept, consider how popular shows like Behind the Design, Flip or Flop, First Time Flippers, Rehab Addict and the like already are — sure, some watch them for tips, but others for entertainment. And if farm simulators can be a hit, why not House Flipper?

At the same time, it’s a bit dystopian, arguably, targeting a younger generation without the same financial resources as the last one to buy (let alone sell) their own homes. For $20 on Steam, it sure is a cheaper hobby either way, and a bit less risky, too.

Spanning 40 years of gameplay and 40 different games, this new volume dives into the design and history of dozens of virtual realities, acting as a travel guide to imaginative places that only exist in cyberspace.

Game developer and writer Konstantinos Dimopoulos’s upcoming book is called Virtual Cities: An Atlas & Exploration of Video Game Cities and features classic virtual environments from Fallout to Silent Hill, including some that overlap in uncanny ways with reality (like New Vegas). Maps and illustrations will accompany commentary from the author, who has a PhD in urban planning and geography and designs spaces for games, making him well-suited to explore the layouts of these places.

“Video games allow us to construct and visit believable imaginary cities, provide us with glimpses of ancient urbanism, and let us immerse ourselves in the wildest utopias and darkest dystopias of our possible futures. They are an unprecedented canvas for experimenting with the urban environment, and an utterly unique medium for experiencing cities both imagined and real in truly immersive ways.”

“I would describe game urbanism as a relatively new and truly intriguing area that allows for exciting research possibilities,” says the author. “Convincingly abstracting an actual urban setting into something both economical and believable can be very taxing.” But it has its rewards, too. “Tackling a truly exotic virtual city set in, say, outer space and inhabited by a variety of species, or attempting to imagine a fantasy town in an intricately crafted Tolkien-esque world can be immensely satisfying.”

The places have to be believable, following internally consistent rules that resonate with reality, while also being fantastical to experience. “A city can helps amplify a game’s atmosphere with its dark narrow streets and tall eerie buildings in a horror offering, provide with unique routes and good hiding spots in a stealth game, or even be used as a huge canvas for environmental storytelling.”

In a game with deserts, people will build places to shelter and get water, he recalls of one project. “The dev team went on and satisfied this almost mundane set of needs by having fresh water flowing over the roofs of the settlement in a network of connected, tiled pools and open canals that made sure all the digital denizens of the place lived in cooled buildings, and could easily access water,” Dimopoulos explains. In the end, each challenge is different, which is what keeps players coming back, too, when the cities within games are convincingly cool. The book, meanwhile, aims to unpack everything from the design process to user experience, and may hold lessons for real-life urban planners as well.

Computers have a real problem when it comes generating truly random numbers, which has led one web-critical cybersecurity firm to reference an array of lava lamps to create unique and unpredictable code.

The lamps are recorded on video in Cloudflare’s San Francisco headquarters, then translate those movements to create encryption keys for the web. The results help protect internet giants including Uber, OKCupid, FitBit and others, totaling around 10% of global traffic.

As Tom Scott reports, Cloudflare has good reason not to trust algorithm-generated code, relying instead on the effectively erratic movements in groovy retro fixtures set on shelves instead. Anything made using algorithms could potentially be guessed at or reverse-engineered by sophisticated hackers — fluid dynamics of lava lamps, not so much.

And these top-secret cryptographic devices are not hidden behind lock and key, but publicly on view. In fact, additional disturbances from human proximity can add more randomness to the equation. In the end, it’s a surprisingly low-tech solution, but it mixes things up and ultimately does the job.